Last data update: May 20, 2024. (Total: 46824 publications since 2009)
Records 1-3 (of 3 Records) |
Query Trace: Dowdle W[original query] |
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Progress in the development of poliovirus antiviral agents and their essential role in reducing risks that threaten eradication
McKinlay MA , Collett MS , Hincks JR , Oberste MS , Pallansch MA , Okayasu H , Sutter RW , Modlin JF , Dowdle WR . J Infect Dis 2014 210 Suppl 1 S447-53 Chronic prolonged excretion of vaccine-derived polioviruses by immunodeficient persons (iVDPV) presents a personal risk of poliomyelitis to the patient as well as a programmatic risk of delayed global eradication. Poliovirus antiviral drugs offer the only mitigation of these risks. Antiviral agents may also have a potential role in the management of accidental exposures and in certain outbreak scenarios. Efforts to discover and develop poliovirus antiviral agents have been ongoing in earnest since the formation in 2007 of the Poliovirus Antivirals Initiative. The most advanced antiviral, pocapavir (V-073), is a capsid inhibitor that has recently demonstrated activity in an oral poliovirus vaccine human challenge model. Additional antiviral candidates with differing mechanisms of action continue to be profiled and evaluated preclinically with the goal of having 2 antivirals available for use in combination to treat iVDPV excreters. |
Epidemic Intelligence Service investigations of respiratory illness, 1946-2005
Hadler SC , Castro KG , Dowdle W , Hicks L , Noble G , Ridzon R . Am J Epidemiol 2011 174 S36-46 Infectious respiratory pathogens were the suspected cause of 480 outbreaks investigated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Epidemic Intelligence Service officers during 1946-2005. All epidemic-assistance investigation reports and associated articles from scientific journals were reviewed. Investigations identified 25 different infectious respiratory pathogens including, most frequently, tuberculosis, influenza, and legionellosis. Other bacterial-, viral-, and fungal-related pathogens also were identified. Epidemic-assistance investigations were notable for first identifying Legionnaires disease and Pontiac fever, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, and new strains of human and avian influenza, as well as emerging challenges (e.g., multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and pneumococcus). The investigations provided clinical insights into such diseases as pulmonary anthrax and identified high risks of serious respiratory illnesses for persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus, other immunocompromised persons, and persons with diabetes. They identified settings placing persons at high risk of acquiring disease, including nursing homes, prisons, homeless shelters, and hospitals. Travel also placed persons at risk. Key environmental factors related to spread of diseases and occupational risks for brucellosis and psittacosis were identified. The outbreak investigations constitute a wealth of prevention experience and provide the basis for recommendations to mitigate outbreaks and reduce future risks. |
Laboratory contributions to public health
Dowdle WR , Mayer LW , Steinberg KK , Ghiya ND , Popovic T . MMWR Suppl 2011 60 (4) 27-34 Alexander Langmuir, founder of the CDC Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS), was quoted in the early 1960s instructing incoming EIS officers that the only need for the laboratory in an outbreak investigation was to "prove their conclusions were right." Understandably, this was not well received by the CDC Laboratory Branch. However, Langmuir's point was not to denigrate the laboratory but to emphasize the power of an investigation based on a solid clinical case definition and established field epidemiologic principles. In truth, in 1960, when CDC assumed responsibility for publishing MMWR, the laboratory provided little added value in many investigations, except to confirm "what the etiologic agent wasn't." Existing diagnostic laboratory procedures for infectious and noninfectious diseases of public health importance were reasonably reliable but basic and laborious. For diagnosis of many diseases and conditions, no laboratory procedures existed. Since 1961, advances in molecular sciences, analytical chemistry, and technology have revolutionized the public health laboratory investigative capacity, capability, and specificity and have emphasized the importance of more independent laboratory research. The term "molecular epidemiology" is widely applied, and the number of diseases for which laboratory diagnoses are available today is substantially larger. This article describes the principles and practices of the state-of-the-art public health laboratory in 1961 and provides examples of scientific, technologic, and strategic advances since that time that characterize the still evolving public health laboratory of the 21st century. | | Browsing through MMWR, volume 10, week 1, January 13, 1961, provides insight into the public health laboratory of 1961 and the topics of most interest and visibility at that time. Subsequently, progress and contributions made by the public health laboratories are provided in a more detailed account by using several illnesses and conditions of public health importance as examples. They span both infectious and noninfectious arenas. Some were listed in the first MMWR summary, but some were not under consideration in 1961 or were yet to be discovered. |
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